Summary

World History Class 09

COLONIALISM AND COLONISATION (01:10 PM)

Colonialism and colonization marked the beginnings of a new chapter in the history of mankind.
Though colonialism and imperialism were used as synonyms, they differed from each other in their meaning or implications.
Imperialism has been there since ancient times.
It essentially meant exhibiting military might or military strength.
Under imperialism, a conquered country may or may not be ruled.
Whereas colonialism was more the result of the Industrial Revolution.
It meant not only conquering, and administering but also affecting changes in every walk of life.
In other words under colonialism not only polity but also society, economy, religion, and, culture, everything changes.
Thus, colonialism has much wider implications.
However, colonialism differs from place to place and from time to time as per the changing requirements of the colonial power.
In other words, colonialism is just not the same and uniform in its ideology and implementation.
In general, it evolved under three different stages:
(1) Mercantile Capitalismunder which colonial power exploits raw material of the colonies.
(2) Industrial Capitalism under which the colonial power not only makes the colony an exporter of raw materials but also an importer of finished goods or manufactured goods.
Colonial power follows a systematic policy of destroying the native industry for capturing markets.
Moreover, colonial power develops modern industries for the sake of better exploitation of native resources.
(3) Financial Capitalism, in this stage colonial power reinvests its finances in all the major industries of the colony and thereby controls the economy itself.
Portugal and Spain played a leading role in the early phase of colonization, which started with new geographical discoveries.
The objectives of early colonization were gold, glory, and god (spread of Christianity).

COLONIALISATION PROCESS (02:25 PM)

LATIN AMERICA
Latin America experienced the early stage of colonialism.
It stands for 20 republics, of which 7 are in Central America, 3 in the Caribbean Islands, and 10 are in Southern America called Latin America as Latin was the language.
Of this vast area, Spain occupied 6,00,000 square miles with Mexico as the most important colony followed by Portugal with Brazil as 1,00,000 square miles after which Britain was the most important.
Other Spanish colonies in Latin America were Argentina, Bolivia, Bahamas, Columbia, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.
Portugese colonies were Barzil, Sacramento, and Guanare.
England founded her colony in Falklands.
In the Pacific Ocean, England founded her colony in 1870 at Fizi islands.
In controlling Samoa, England, the USA, and Germany came to an understanding of collective administration.
The Philippines was surrendered by Spain to America in 1898.
AFRICAN COLONISATION
African colonialism was unique for the reasons:
(1) Africa was called the Dark Continent:
Way back in 1830, only 10% of Africa was known whereas between 1870-1914 90% of Africa was colonized.
It was mainly because the newly formed Germany and Italy entered the race for colonies against England and France.
(2) African colonization had taken place without any resistance at all as by and large Africa remained in pre-historic times.
(3) Colonialism had positive effects also such as the development of the economy, infrastructure, and education. Whereas in Africa, surprisingly this was not found.
(4) The boundaries that were drawn by the European powers in Africa continue to remain intact even after African countries gained independence.
In 1830, France occupied Algeria.
In 1843, England occupied the Cape colony under Natal.
Portugal occupied Angola and Mozambique.
Scramble for Africa started with King Leopold, of Belgium in 1876.
He organized an international conference for exploring Africa.
Belgium occupied Rwanda, Congo, and Burundi.
England expanded its colonies from Egypt to the Cape of Good Hope with Sudan, South Africa, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), Kenya, Uganda (all under East Africa), and Nigeria, Gold Coast (in West Africa).
France extended its colonies to Algeria, Tunisia, Morrocco, Ivory Coast, and French Guinea.
Germany and Italy were the late entries.
Germany clashed with England for its colonies at Cape Cameroon, Togoland, and East Africa.
Italy clashed with France for the colony in Tunisia.
Her attempt to capture Ethiopia (Abyssinia) ended up as a failure.
Italy succeeded in occupying Libya.
Thus colonialism assumed a concrete shape and extended all over the world by the first decade of the 20th century.
England founded the world's most expanded colonial empire covering 1/3rd of the world's population.
The colonial rivalries were the main causes of the 2 world wars.
CENTRAL ASIA
In Central Asia, Rivalries started between England and France against Russia in creating zones of influence.
Against England, Russia entered Northern Iran and Tashkent.
England established its influence in Mesopotamia and Palestina.
France established its zone of influence in Syria.
In India, all the European powers entered into rivalries that started the English and Dutch defeating the Portuguese.
Rivalries started between the English and the Dutch. Dutch were finally defeated in the Battle of Bedara.
Dutch left for Indonesia and the English vacated Indonesia for the Dutch.
In the Anglo-French wars or Carnatic wars, the French were thoroughly defeated in the battle of Wandiwash.
IN 1761, the most powerful Marathas met with a disaster in the third battle of Panipat.
Thus, the English could finally become the rulers of India.
CHINA
China was made into a semi-colony.
European powers entered China and created their own zones of influence.
England made Kwangsi and Hunan her zones of influence.
France made Indo-China (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) her zones of influence.
Russia claimed Manchuria, Formosa and Sakhlein islands.
Japan contested the claims of Russia and extended its claims to Korea.
Japan clashed with Germany for the Shandong province in China.
Thus, towards the end of the 19th century, the whole world was colonised by the European powers.
In this struggle for colonies, England established the most expanded colonial empire with 1/3rd the world's population under her control.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY (03:34 PM)

Italy has everything to be called a nation-language, culture, and land of its own.
However, it continued to remain as a mere geographical expression.
According to Price Metternich, Chancellor or PM of Austria.
Italy was divided into different geographical zones:
(1) The Kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont was ruled by the House of Savoy.
(2) Entire Northern belt of Italy with Lombardy, Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Venitia were all controlled by Austria.
(3) Rome, Romagna, and Montagna were all controlled by the pope.
(4) In the South-Western part of Italy, Naples, and Sicily were controlled by the dynasty of Bourbons of France.
However, Italian unification had always been a reality in the sense that in spite of the geographical differences Italians always felt that they were one.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION
(1) The spirit of the French Revolution and the slogans Liberty, equality, and fraternity.
(2) Responsibility of Napolean
It was both positive and negative roles.
Positives:
(a) By defeating Austrians time and again he made them virtually a non-entity in the Northern part of Italy.
(b) By defeating the kingdom of Sardinia, Napolean made the people of Italy taste liberalism by introducing reforms.
(c) He created two republics cis alpine, and the Ligurian republics, and made Italians understand Republicanism.
Negatives:
(a) He exploited the resources of Italy for his public works in France.
(b) He gathered priceless paintings of Renaissance times from Italy and shipped them to France.
(c) He undermined the spirit of Italian Nationalism and appointed his brother Joseph as the ruler of Naples.
Thus the role of Napoleon was both positive and negative.
(3) The 1815 Vienna Conference
This conference had redrawn the political map of Italy and restored the old order.
Austria got back its territories, Pope got Rome, and Bourbons Nice and Savoy(Sicilies).
The outcome of the conference was the Kingdom of Sardinia was allowed to maintain its identity.
It took the lead for Italian unification.
(4)1820 Spanish Revolution, 1830 French Revolution
The revolutions inspired Italian nationalists.
But people's movements were suppressed by Austria.
(5) A popular Romantic movement started called Risorgimento under the leadership of Joseph Mazzini.
He was called the soul of the Italian movement.
It was for bringing back the cultural glory of Italy, unity, and making Italy a republic.
Mazzini founded a secret society 'Young Italy'.
He inspired Joseph Garibaldi and called the 'Sword of Italian Nationalism.'
Another secret society called 'Carbonari' was founded consisting of the workers of the coal mines.
Its black and blue flag inspired Italian unification and the spirit of fascism of Mussolini.
In 1848, revolutions started in Italy due to the influence of the French Revolution in 1848.
Attempts to liberate Italy by Charles Albert, King of Sardinia failed as he was defeated by Austria.
Italians realized the problems of unification:
(1) Threat of Austria
(2) Weak kingdom of Sardinia.
(3) Negative role of the pope.
Victor Emmanual took over the leadership and great diplomat Count Cavour became the Prime Minister.
Cavour supported France and England in the Crimea War of 1856 against Russia.
He signed a secret treaty with Napolean III of France called the 'Treaty of Plombieres'.
France agreed to support Sardinia against Austria.

TOPIC OF THE NEXT CLASS- UNIFICATION OF ITALY (TO CONTINUE)